Do Breast Implants Increase Cancer Risk?
Breast implants are a common choice for cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. People often wonder if these devices can increase cancer risk. The main concern is not breast cancer itself, but rare forms of cancer that develop in tissue around the implant.
Standard Breast Cancer and Implants
Current data shows that breast implants do not raise the chance of developing typical breast cancer. Studies have found no difference in breast cancer rates between people with and without implants.
That means if you are considering breast implants—or already have them—your general risk of breast cancer remains the same as it would be without implants. Standard screening methods like mammograms are still recommended based on your age, personal history, and risk profile.
Rare Cancers Linked to Breast Implants
A rare type of cancer, called anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), has been linked with breast implants. When doctors find it near an implant, they call it breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). This cancer forms in the scar tissue and fluid that builds up around the implant, not in the breast tissue itself.
Another even rarer cancer, breast implant-associated squamous cell carcinoma (BIA-SCC), can also develop in scar tissue around the implant. Very few cases of BIA-SCC have been found, so clear risk factors are not yet understood. Both BIA-ALCL and BIA-SCC are considered extremely rare. Still, it’s important to recognize their symptoms early and to have regular follow-ups with your healthcare provider if you have implants.
Risk and Implant Type
The chance of developing BIA-ALCL remains very low. However, the risk appears highest with implants that have a textured surface. Textured implants and textured tissue expanders have an outer shell that feels rough, unlike smooth breast implants. What the implant is filled with—silicone or saline—does not seem to affect this particular risk.
In 2019, the FDA asked Allergan to recall certain models of its textured breast implants due to concerns about BIA-ALCL. Both textured and smooth implants are still available from other manufacturers.
| Type of Implant | Associated Cancer Risk |
|---|---|
| Smooth implants | Very low |
| Textured implants | Low but higher than smooth |
| Textured expanders | Low but higher than smooth |
Textured implants were once popular for their stability and reduced risk of movement, but their rough surface is believed to trigger more immune activity in surrounding tissues. This immune response may play a role in cancer development, although researchers are still studying the exact mechanisms.
Symptoms to Watch For
- Swelling of the breast that does not go away
- Lumps near the implant or in lymph nodes
- Pain or discomfort
- Redness, skin changes, or changes in the shape of the breast
If someone experiences these symptoms after breast implant surgery, they should talk to their healthcare provider. Doctors may use imaging like an ultrasound or MRI to check for lumps or other changes. Some people may also feel pressure or tightness in the breast area, especially if fluid has built up around the implant. Even if these symptoms seem mild, it’s worth getting them checked.
Detection and Treatment
Doctors can usually treat BIA-ALCL and other rare cancers linked to implants, especially if they find them early. Treatment often includes surgery to remove the implant and the scar tissue. Some people may also need chemotherapy or radiation.
Pathology testing of any fluid or tissue taken during surgery helps confirm whether cancer cells are present. Follow-up care may include scans, lab work, and consultations with specialists, depending on the diagnosis.
Routine Care and Monitoring
People with breast implants should attend regular check-ups and discuss any concerns or symptoms with a healthcare professional. Removing implants because of cancer risk is not usually recommended unless symptoms appear. The risk remains very low, especially compared to the benefits implants may offer in reconstructive or cosmetic cases.
If you’re worried, you can ask your provider whether your specific type of implant is textured or smooth. You can also request records from your surgeon if you’re unsure what type was used. Those considering breast implants should talk with their care team about all potential benefits and risks. The decision should always be based on clear, current information.
For those undergoing breast reconstruction after mastectomy, implants can offer psychological and physical benefits. Understanding all your options—including fat grafting or flap reconstruction—can help you make an informed choice.
