First Aid for Toothache

ByJanis Updated

A toothache can range from mild sensitivity to intense throbbing pain in or around a tooth. It’s one of the most common dental complaints and often signals an underlying issue, such as tooth decay, infection, or gum disease. The pain may come on suddenly or develop gradually and can interfere with eating, sleeping, and daily functioning.

Common Causes of Toothache

Toothache typically stems from inflammation of the dental pulp, the innermost part of the tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels. Common causes include:

  • Tooth Decay (Cavities): Plaque bacteria feed on sugars and produce acids that erode tooth enamel.
  • Gum Disease: Infection or inflammation of the gums (gingivitis or periodontitis) can lead to pain and bleeding.
  • Dental Abscess: A collection of pus caused by a bacterial infection; can cause swelling, pain, and fever.
  • Cracked or Damaged Tooth: Chips, fractures, or broken fillings can expose the nerve.
  • Food Stuck Between Teeth: Can irritate the gums or press on surrounding teeth.
  • Impacted Teeth: Especially wisdom teeth, which may push against adjacent teeth or become infected.
  • Sinus Infections: Can create pressure in upper teeth, especially the molars.

What You Can Do at Home

If you experience a toothache and cannot see a dentist right away, these self-care steps can provide temporary relief:

  • Rinse with warm saltwater. Mix ½ teaspoon of salt in 8 ounces of warm water and swish gently. This helps clean the area and reduce swelling.
  • Use dental floss. Carefully remove food debris lodged between teeth that may be causing pain.
  • Apply a cold compress. Place a cold pack or ice wrapped in a towel on the outside of your cheek near the sore area for 15–20 minutes.
  • Take over-the-counter pain relievers. Use acetaminophen or ibuprofen to relieve discomfort. Follow dosing instructions and avoid applying aspirin directly to gums.
  • Elevate your head. Keeping your head raised while resting may reduce blood pressure in the area and ease throbbing pain.
  • Avoid trigger foods. Skip very cold, hot, sweet, or acidic foods that may worsen symptoms.

Natural Remedies to Try

While these remedies are not substitutes for professional care, some people find relief with:

  • Clove Oil: Contains eugenol, a natural numbing agent. Dab a small amount on a cotton swab and apply to the sore area.
  • Peppermint Tea Bags: Cool a used tea bag and place it against the sore tooth or gum for soothing relief.
  • Garlic Paste: Crushed garlic may have antimicrobial properties. Apply it carefully to the affected area.
  • Hydrogen Peroxide Rinse: For gum irritation or minor bleeding, mix equal parts 3% hydrogen peroxide and water, rinse gently, and spit—do not swallow.

Always consult a healthcare provider before using any home remedy, especially if you have underlying conditions or allergies.

Signs the Toothache May Be Serious

A mild toothache might resolve with at-home care, but the following symptoms warrant professional evaluation:

  • Pain that lasts more than 1–2 days
  • Swelling in your cheek, jaw, or neck
  • Fever or chills
  • Bad taste in the mouth or foul-smelling breath
  • Difficulty chewing or opening the mouth
  • Gum bleeding or pus drainage from around a tooth
  • Sharp pain when biting or eating
  • Tooth discoloration or visible holes

These may indicate a serious infection, abscess, or damage that needs urgent dental treatment.

When to Seek Emergency Care

Go to an emergency room or urgent dental clinic if:

  • You have intense pain that doesn’t improve with over-the-counter medication.
  • Swelling spreads toward your eye, neck, or affects breathing.
  • You have difficulty swallowing or speaking.
  • Fever is present, along with tooth pain.
  • You experience trauma to the mouth that damages multiple teeth or causes uncontrolled bleeding.

How a Dentist May Treat the Problem

Depending on the cause of your toothache, your dentist may recommend:

  • Fillings or Crowns: To repair cavities or fractured teeth.
  • Root Canal: To remove infected pulp and preserve the tooth.
  • Tooth Extraction: If the damage or infection is too severe.
  • Drainage of an Abscess: To relieve pressure and remove infection.
  • Antibiotics: If an infection has spread beyond the tooth.

Some dentists may also take X-rays to identify deeper problems not visible during a physical exam.

Prevention Tips

To reduce the risk of toothaches and maintain oral health:

  • Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste for at least two minutes.
  • Floss daily to remove plaque and food particles between teeth.
  • Limit sugary foods and drinks, which contribute to decay.
  • Use mouthwash as recommended to reduce plaque and bacteria.
  • Avoid chewing hard objects like ice, pens, or popcorn kernels.
  • Wear a nightguard if you grind your teeth at night (bruxism).
  • Visit your dentist regularly for cleanings and check-ups—usually every six months.

Health Writer

Janis's areas of expertise include nutrition, exercise, stress management, and mental health. She is passionate about educating and empowering people to take control of their health and make positive changes that can last a lifetime. Janis believes that small, sustainable changes are the key to long-term success, and she works with her clients to develop personalized plans that fit their individual needs and lifestyles.