First Aid for Snakebites
Snakes come in many varieties, but only a small number are dangerous to people. About 15% of snakes around the world, and about 1 in 5 snakes in the United States, can inject venom through their bite. The most well-known venomous snakes in North America include rattlesnakes, copperheads, water moccasins (cottonmouths), and coral snakes.
Most venomous snakes, such as rattlesnakes, have heads shaped like a triangle and slit-like pupils. Coral snakes, however, have round pupils and a more cigar-shaped head. Nonvenomous snakes usually have round pupils, rounded heads, and no fangs. They may bite if threatened but usually don’t pose a serious medical risk.
Snakes use their venom to subdue prey and defend themselves. The venom may contain proteins that affect blood clotting, tissue destruction, or the nervous system. Depending on the type of snake, a bite can cause severe pain, swelling, or life-threatening effects on breathing or circulation.
Common Venomous Snakes in North America
| Snake Name | Common Features | Region Found |
|---|---|---|
| Rattlesnake | Triangular head, rattle on tail | Across US |
| Copperhead | Hourglass bands, copper color | Eastern/Southern US |
| Water Moccasin | White mouth, bulky body | Southeastern US |
| Coral Snake | Red, yellow, and black bands | Southern US |
Snakebites often happen during outdoor activities like hiking, camping, gardening, or walking through tall grass or brush. Knowing about snake types helps people recognize risks and take precautions, like wearing boots and avoiding reaching into unseen areas.
When to Call for Emergency Assistance
If a snake that might be venomous bites someone, act quickly. Call emergency services right away if the bite shows any of these signs:
- Changes in skin color around the bite
- Rapid swelling
- Severe or growing pain
Other symptoms such as fainting, confusion, or difficulty breathing are also urgent and may suggest that venom is affecting more than just the bite site. Many hospitals provide antivenom and expert help, which can save lives. Getting help fast makes a difference. Even if the bite doesn’t look severe at first, venom can spread over time, so it’s safer to get checked.
Possible Warning Signs After a Snakebite
Snakebites usually affect the wrists, hands, feet, or arms, depending on where the person was bitten. A nonvenomous snake may cause scratches, mild pain, or swelling. These bites rarely need more than cleaning and observation. Venomous bites, on the other hand, can cause:
- Intense pain
- Swelling that spreads from the wound
- Bruising around the site
- Weakness or trouble moving
- Nausea or vomiting
- Shortness of breath
- An odd taste in the mouth
Coral snake bites might cause nerve problems, such as drooping eyelids, tingling, trouble swallowing, or weak muscles. These signs can develop slowly, so the person should still get emergency care, even if they feel okay at first.
Some bites are “dry,” meaning no venom is injected, but they should still be seen by a doctor to be safe. A medical provider will assess the situation, monitor for worsening symptoms, and determine if antivenom is needed.
Ways to Care for a Snakebite
After a bite, call emergency services right away. Then, do the following if possible:
- Move away from the snake to a safe distance.
- Stay calm and still to reduce the spread of venom.
- Gently remove jewelry, watches, or tight clothing near the bite.
- Keep the bitten limb in a comfortable, flat, or slightly raised position.
- Wash the skin with soap and water to reduce infection risk.
- Cover the bite loosely with a clean, dry bandage.
If available, keep the affected limb at heart level and avoid unnecessary movement. This helps reduce how quickly the venom moves through the body.
Actions to Avoid After Being Bitten
Proper care is vital, but some common beliefs about snakebites are dangerous. Do not:
- Put a tourniquet or wrap the limb tightly.
- Cut the bite or try to suck out the venom.
- Put ice or cold packs directly on the wound.
- Drink alcohol or caffeine.
- Take medicines like aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen, because they can make bleeding worse.
- Try to catch or kill the snake—just knowing its color and shape helps doctors.
Trying to handle the snake could lead to another bite. If it’s safe, take a photo of the snake to help identify it. Don’t delay care to try to catch it.
Prevention Tips
Preventing snakebites is often easier than treating them. Simple precautions can reduce your risk:
- Wear long pants and boots when hiking or working in tall grass.
- Use a flashlight at night when walking outdoors.
- Avoid turning over rocks or logs with bare hands.
- Stay on cleared paths and avoid walking through thick brush.
- Never approach or handle a snake, even if it looks dead.
Snakes often hide in quiet, shaded areas and may bite if startled. Teaching children about snake safety is also important, especially in areas where venomous snakes are common.
Outlook
Most people recover from snakebites, especially with fast treatment. Complications are more likely when there is a delay in care or when the bite occurs in a remote area. Antivenom is most effective when given early. The best outcomes happen when people stay calm, get help quickly, and avoid harmful home remedies.
