First Aid for Spider Bites

ByJanis Updated

Spider bites are fairly common, especially in homes, gardens, and storage areas. Most bites come from non-venomous spiders and cause only minor symptoms, such as redness, swelling, or itching. However, a few species—like the black widow or brown recluse—can produce more severe reactions and may require emergency care.

Knowing how to recognize a spider bite and when to act is key to preventing complications. Proper first aid can reduce discomfort and limit the risk of infection or tissue damage.

Common Symptoms of Spider Bites

Most spider bites go unnoticed at first, but symptoms typically appear within hours. These can include:

  • Mild redness and swelling
  • Itching or burning sensation
  • Localized pain or tenderness
  • Small puncture marks at the bite site

In more serious bites, particularly from venomous species, symptoms may escalate:

  • Muscle cramps or spasms
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Fever and chills
  • Sweating or tremors
  • Fatigue and joint stiffness
  • A growing ulcer or necrotic lesion (especially with brown recluse bites)

Tracking how symptoms develop over time helps determine if the reaction is mild or potentially dangerous.

What You Can Do at Home

For non-severe spider bites, follow these steps to manage symptoms and prevent infection:

  1. Clean the area. Wash the bite with soap and water to reduce the risk of infection.
  2. Apply a cool compress. Use a damp cloth or wrapped ice pack for 15–20 minutes per hour to ease swelling and pain.
  3. Apply topical treatments:
    • Antibiotic ointment (e.g., bacitracin) for broken skin.
    • 1% hydrocortisone cream or calamine lotion for itching.
  4. Take oral medications:
    • Ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain.
    • Antihistamines (like cetirizine or diphenhydramine) for itching or mild allergic reactions.
  5. Elevate the affected limb. This reduces swelling and promotes circulation.
  6. Cover with a bandage. Use a clean, dry dressing to protect the site if the skin is broken or irritated.

Avoid scratching or using home remedies that may irritate the skin. Monitor for worsening symptoms over the next 24–48 hours.

Signs the Bite May Be Serious

Even if symptoms start off mild, some spider bites progress into more serious conditions. Watch for:

  • Increasing redness, warmth, or swelling
  • Pus, yellow discharge, or foul odor
  • A darkening or breakdown of skin tissue
  • A spreading rash or red streaks from the bite site
  • Persistent or intense pain
  • Systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, or nausea

These may indicate infection, venomous reaction, or necrosis, especially with brown recluse bites.

When to Seek Emergency Help

Call 911 or go to the nearest emergency department if:

  • You were bitten by a black widow or brown recluse.
  • You experience severe allergic symptoms:
    • Trouble breathing or swallowing
    • Rapid heartbeat
    • Swelling of the lips, face, or throat
    • Dizziness or fainting
  • The pain spreads rapidly or becomes excruciating.
  • You’re unsure of the spider type and symptoms are worsening.
  • A child, older adult, or immunocompromised person is bitten.

These signs may point to anaphylaxis or severe envenomation, both of which require prompt medical intervention.

Medical Treatment Options

If you seek medical care, a healthcare provider may:

  • Prescribe antibiotics if the wound is infected.
  • Give tetanus prophylaxis if needed.
  • Administer muscle relaxants for cramping (common with black widow bites).
  • Provide antivenom in rare, confirmed cases of black widow bites.
  • Refer you to a wound care specialist for necrotic lesions or tissue damage.

Follow-up visits are often necessary to monitor healing or adjust treatment plans.

Recovery Tips

While most mild spider bites heal within a few days, deeper wounds may take several weeks. To support recovery:

  • Continue any prescribed medications as directed.
  • Keep the wound clean and dry.
  • Avoid strenuous activity if the bite site is swollen or painful.
  • Watch for signs of spreading infection.
  • Use sunglasses or eye protection if facial swelling occurs.

Healing times vary based on spider type, bite location, and your overall health.

Prevention Tips

You can reduce your risk of spider bites with a few simple precautions:

  • Wear gloves when cleaning out garages, attics, or sheds.
  • Shake out shoes, towels, and blankets before use.
  • Avoid storing firewood or boxes directly against your house.
  • Seal cracks in walls, baseboards, and window frames.
  • Reduce clutter that may serve as spider-hiding spots.
  • Use insect repellents or spider traps in high-risk areas.
  • Teach children not to handle unfamiliar insects.

When spending time outdoors, especially in wooded or grassy areas, always inspect clothing and gear before bringing them inside.

Health Writer

Janis's areas of expertise include nutrition, exercise, stress management, and mental health. She is passionate about educating and empowering people to take control of their health and make positive changes that can last a lifetime. Janis believes that small, sustainable changes are the key to long-term success, and she works with her clients to develop personalized plans that fit their individual needs and lifestyles.